Executive
Review
The objective of this paper is to illustrate,
via analysis, the manner in which the mass media,
along with the popular culture it has incepted,
has influenced intercultural communications. The
paper will especially focus on illustrating the
manner in which the evolution of media has increased
the degree of intercultural communications.
Introduction
Technology has come to play an exceptionally relevant
role within the features and characteristics of
the global eco-society within which we contemporaneously
survive and interact. This, moreover, is something
that tends to be made especially more evident
when considering it in light of the significant
degree to which practically all sectors of society
tend to currently depend upon respective technological
integrations. From the business to the political
and from scientific to the religious sector (s),
each seems to have its respective share of technological
integration that is typically tailored to yield
maximal profitability and/or stability. It would
be relevant to here consider that one of the most
relevant indicators of the evolution of technology
has been the proportionate evolution and development
of media and its purveyors. An intangible entity
that is second in stature only to society itself,
the media has developed itself to the point of
standing responsible for virtually all norms and
parameters within a given societal infrastructure.
The media that was exclusively existent and operational
upon radio waves and paper printings in the not
so distant yesteryear, moreover, has presently
culminated into an all-powerful entity that abounds
on a variety of mass-penetrative levels. And while
the advent of the television [electronic media]
made for inevitable degree of development in concern
to the reach of the media, the digital age has
enhanced this stature even further, especially
as a result of the Internet. The exceptional degree
of evolutionary advancement intrinsic to media
is something that comes through as being rather
unsurprising when considering it in light of the
equally dramatic degree of evolution that has
been taking place in concern to society itself
The relevance that the media yields over culture
& society as a result of technology
From the way the people [within the particular
society] dress to the way that they react to particular
stimuli, all are influenced, to some degree, by
the ideological portrayals within a particularly
prevalent media platform. In America, for instance,
various studies over the past decade or so have
indicated that the rise in crime and violence
within particular states has been related to the
rise in media productions rife with masochistic
violence and control. It is quite apparent, thus
speaking, that a prevalence of the behavioral
as well as attitudinal traits and characteristics
that are found within a particular society are
resultant, to a particular degree, to the category
of frequent media representations within the particular
society. This, moreover, is something that is
rendered especially and crucially instrumental
when considering it in light of the fact that
today, technology has made it possible for television
channels from various countries to be broadcast
worldwide. That is to say that the national parameters
for television channels have been eliminated as
a result of such things as fiber optical cables
and satellites.
Subsequently, it is currently commonplace for
people in the US to watch Scottish, Chinese and
Japanese local channels and vice versa. In addition
to this and as has already been mentioned, the
Internet too, has been a monumentally instrumental
player in concern to proverbially bridging the
gap (s) between people form cultures far removed
from each and other. Such software as the MSN,
Yahoo and other Instant Messengers as well as
websites have enabled communications between cultures
that are alien to each other on account of being
from different parts of the world. Indeed, it
would be noteworthy to also acknowledge here that
as a result of eliminating such chasms, it is
quite obvious media also represents one of the
key players that propagates the rise of globalization.
It would, moreover, be relevant to acknowledge
that there are obviously consequences that can
be expected of ‘societies and economies
re-orienting themselves around technologies’
(Kluver, 2004)
Analysis
The relationship of Intercultural Communications
to Mass Media
Considering the obvious degree of advancement
and development that the media has experienced
since its days of radio programs and black and
white television, we will now consider how this
evolution has been instrumental to the rise of
intercultural communications. It is essential,
for instance, to consider that media productions
exclusively tailored for the purpose of entertainment
on the T.V and theatre have been increasingly
adhering to illustrate individuals of diverse
cultures within domestic or local situational
settings. This, moreover, is a trend that has
also been implemented vice versa; that is to say
that local cultural icons are illustrated in situations
occurring in foreign environments and/or in close
accompaniment to foreign cultural icons. A media
trend that has been increasing till this day,
this is something represents the inherent curiosity
that cultures tend to entertain in concern to
[other] the features and characteristics of individuals
from diverse cultures and ethnicities. This is
something that has and will continue to encourage
the individuals of one culture to assume a modicum
of understanding, whether accurate or not, in
context to the beliefs and traits of another culture.
This canvas for this intercultural exchange, moreover,
has been especially enhanced as a result of widespread
proliferation of the Internet and its vehicular
extensions that have been acknowledged within
the prior section.
Disadvantage (s) of intercultural communications
prompted by [electronic] media
And while this is something that would appear
to be dominantly advantageous, it is crucial to
consider that this is not always so. It may, for
example, be entirely possible that individuals
may assume a degree of comprehension of a particular
culture that is exclusively based on a meager
set of characteristics that the individual has
managed to familiarize him/herself with. Students
who have marginal access various ideological and
belief systems via access to the web or an extensive
video library, for example, might come to see
themselves as adherents to a particular culture
‘with little or understanding of the larger
history and body of beliefs that constitutes the
larger community of believers’ (Kluver,
2004). And while there is not apparent way in
which this can cause any harm to society, it would
be noteworthy to acknowledge that it may be detrimental
indeed. This is since identifications of these
sorts are fundamentally superficial. Falsely or
ineffectually constructed preconceptions in concern
to identifying with alien cultures tend to typically
disrupt social unity and yet ‘not provide
any compensatory alliances or social unions’
(Breen, 1997. 3: 3). It would be important to
consider that culture is far more than a vaguely
defined and loosely characterized set of folk
and/or ethnic practices. Indeed, it would be crucial
to take into account that culture is far more
than that. Culture is precisely a set of symbolic
systems that serve not only to define and identify
the culture and social structures, but also ‘to
articulate the synthesis of two essential parts
of human culture, ethos and world view’
(Geertz, 1973).
Interpretation
The Media, Popular or Mainstream Culture &
Intercultural Communications
It is evident, thus speaking, that every specific
act, every utterance, every thought must be understood
within a much larger, much broader context in
order to attain an effectual comprehension of
a particular culture. It would also be apt to
here consider that this is one of the prime reasons
due to which the representatives of the South
Korean government argued before the United Nations
that ‘globalization represented a threat
to cultural diversity that must be guarded against’
(United Nations Press Release, 1997). It is essential,
however, to here consider the emergence of the
culture that is referred to as popular or mainstream
culture. Something that has been incepted particularly
a result of the dramatic development of the scope/reach
of [especially electronic] media; popular proverbially
refers to technological culture. Take into consideration,
for instance, the fact that the globalization
that has been monumentally propagated by the Internet
and satellite television has resulted in the development
of a culture that identifies, homogenously, on
a global scale. Internet and computer extensions
such as the messenger software as well extensions
like web cameras and microphones have made for
audio as well as visual communications between
regions and cultures from virtually any parts
of the globe. It is basically this canvas, upon
which people can connect with no worries about
geographical boundaries, that plays host to what
is termed as popular or mainstream culture. And
in spite of the fact that the disadvantageous
implications of media-incepted intercultural communications
mentioned above are highly possible; mainstream
culture tends to have its advantages in concern
to the boosting intercultural communication.
The relevance that popular or mainstream media
yields over intercultural communication It is
quite evident that the role of ethnic media in
fortifying the cultural traits of ethnic immigrants
is to be further strengthened within the course
of the digital age currently stretching out. It
is, moreover, barely surprising that ethnic groups
are more likely to be assimilated into the mainstream
culture ‘without losing their own cultural
roots and ethnic identity as a result of this
[mainstream] culture’ (Zhang & Hao,
1999, pp. 21-30). The essence of this rendition
in concern to popular culture is especially positivistic
in as much as the fact that it is contradictory
to the worries voiced to the UNO by Korean representatives
in 1997. It is quite apparent in light of all
that has been said and discussed that the trends
of media development and globalization have important
implications upon the foundational structure of
intercultural communication theory. In addition
to this, moreover, it is also apparent that media
represents one of the most influential supporters
of the elimination of proverbial chasms between
the numerous cultures that exist within the globe.
While exclusively adhering to electronic media
for familiarization with other cultures has been
illustrated as being more often than not detrimental;
it must be considered that this is not so in the
case of popular culture. This is since the popular
culture tends to encourage individuals to retain
the authenticity of their culture (s) while simultaneously
embracing or adopting a newer culture. It is apparent,
thus speaking and considering the fundamental
quintessence of all that has been said till this
point in the paper, that it is basically as a
result of the monumental and evolutionary development
of the contemporaneous purveyors of communication
that current intercultural communications are
so prolific. The height of effectual communications
within the current features and characteristics
of the global society and the resultantly incepted
popular culture can be specifically cited as being
the most instrumentally contributing factors for
this (Chen & Starosta, 2000).
Evaluation
Analysis: Generalities on media
& intercultural communications
It is quite apparent that, thus speaking and considering
all that has been said and discussed in concern
to the relationship between media and intercultural
communications; the media has played an immense
role in concern to promoting such communications.
It would, however, be essential to review some
of the disadvantages that may arise as a result
of the exclusive adhering to the media for information
necessary to the initiation of such communications.
Take into consideration, for instance, the fact
that media productions in the line of the [typically
fictitious] action flicks and programs sometimes
have particular elements that induce negativist
attitude (s) against [the] particular culture
(s) being portrayed. Furthermore, while this negativity
is not always prevalent, it would be relevant
to consider that the very existence of such a
possibility is something that virtually guarantees
the outbreak of a socio-ideological contention
at a particular point of time in the future. Take
into consideration that the cultural implications
of the development of media are apparent upon
three levels. They are the conception of culture;
the ways in which cultural change is precipitated
by these trends, and; the role of these forces
in defining personal identity and social unity.
These are all important issues of discussion for
communication scholars, particularly as a result
of the fact that they provide the foundational
assumptions for our interpretation of the processes
of intercultural communication.
Conclusion (s)
It is quite apparent therefore, that the boost
in intercultural communications that has been
brought about as a result of the significant development
of media is something that is dominantly advantageous
to society. This is since it encourages globalization,
which, in turn, propagates the continuous diversification
and development of society. Considering that change,
regardless of the nature or gravity of the change
in particular, eventually leads to development
asserts the idea that intercultural communications
would eventually make for societal development.
It would, moreover, be conclusively apt to acknowledge
that eventual outcome of this is something that
will be governed entirely by the purpose and modus
operandi of the individual (s) seeking to attain
comprehension of another culture. This, moreover,
is something that emphasized even more strongly
when considering it from the point of view that
understanding other cultures effectually and completely
is something that does indeed tend to promote
globally communal co-existence, well being and
understanding. It is quite apparent that understanding
cultures from geographically isolated parts of
the world is a step in the direction of uniting
and maximizing the possibility for worldwide peace
and stability.
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