Literature often reflects the social realities of the time of its creation, though the vision and imagination of poets transcend the realms of time and space, confirming the universality of human feelings and emotions. This aspect of literature allows and provides the platform for a comparative study of works by two authors, belonging to the same time period or to distinct periods, reflecting on essentially similar concerns, aiding in a better appreciation of the two, as well as in understanding the underpinning societal realities and influences. Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672) and Edward Taylor (1642- 1729) the unusual and striking voices in early American poetry, present similar undertones of Puritan belief system, while being essentially dissimilar in style and approach.
Before analyzing the works of the two, a brief
analysis of the life and background of the authors
would be worthwhile, so that their poetic viewpoints
can be understood better. Anne Bradstreet, the
daughter of Thomas Dudley, a nonconformist former
soldier of Queen Elizabeth, was educated in England
and married at the age of 16 years to Simon Bradstreet,
who sailed with Massachusetts Bay Company to America.
Edward Taylor was born in Leicestershire as the
son of a yeoman farmer, and went to Harvard for
higher education in divinity, and eventually became
a puritan minister of Westfield, Massachusetts.
Belonging to the colonial and puritan era (1620 –1745), both Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor were hard believers in the Puritan religious experiment in America. Puritan belief system is based on virtues of self-discipline, hard work and living ones life according to the will of God. It is fascinating to note that Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor, though divided by the margins of time, space and gender, and wrote poetry primarily for their own pleasure and relief, have primarily portrayed the same concerns and conflicts of human existence and the ultimate abode in God, as the two poems “Huswifery” and “Verses upon the Burning of our House, July 18th, 1666 ” strikingly reveal.
Comparing the themes, both the poems essentially represent religious beliefs – Bradstreet’s lines “The world no longer let me love;/My hope and Treasure lies above”[Bradstreet, 2003] and Taylor’s “Make me, O Lord, thy spinning wheel complete,”[Taylor, 2001] portray the supreme yearning for the love of God and the Puritan doctrine of perseverance for retreat to Heaven. Bradstreet’s “Verses upon the Burning of our House, July 18th, 1666 ” is an expression of her grief and feelings over the burning of her house, present Puritan attitudes of affection and attachment, where as “Huswifery” is Taylor’s direct appeal to God, a very personal prayer to God to take control of his life, reflecting the Puritan ideal of will. As regards to the tone and style of narration “Verses upon the Burning of our House” is presented in rhymed tetrameter couplets, were as Taylor resorts to rhymed stanzas in Huswifery.
Though, both are essentially personal poems, Taylor’ poem has a theological bearing, and is intellectually more appealing: “Then clothe therewith mine understanding, will, /Affections, judgment, conscience, memory/…/My ways with glory and thee glorify” as compared with Bradstreet’s emotional mourning “My pleasant things in ashes lie ……In silence ever shalt thou lie. Adieu, Adieu, All's Vanity.”[Bradstreet, 2003] While Bradstreet urges herself to raise her “thoughts above the sky” and looks forward to live in the permanent “house on high erect/ Fram'd by that mighty Architect,”[Bradstreet, 2003] her thoughts and feelings are essentially bound to her worldly possessions. Taylor, however submits himself to God in totality and is seemingly non-attached to mortal and worldly objects, though his metaphors of spinning wheel and linen confirms his material influences. His poem reveals his aspirations of becoming an ideal Puritan minister, whose eternal soul shall be “clothed in holy robes for glory,”[Taylor, 2001] with God’s guidance. Both the poems, in a way, reveal the helplessness of human beings, the significance of God in shaping one’s destiny and in achieving glory and fulfillment in life.
Bradstreet is more plain and direct in her narrative
style, using little metaphors and imageries, the
main metaphors in Verses upon the Burning
of our House being the metaphor of God as
the mighty Architect and Heaven as the richly
furnished permanent house on high erect, where
her hope and treasure lies. Taylor’s poetry
is profuse with metaphors—the metaphor of
himself as a spinning wheel and God as the master
spinner, weaving the linen of faith that would
clothe his eternal soul in holy robes of glory,
being the most prominent one in Huswifery.
Due to the glut of metaphors and paradoxes and
the ornate language, Taylor’s poetry is
considered to belong to the tradition of the English
metaphysical poets like John Donne and George
Herbert. In this regard, Taylor’s poetry
contrasts significantly with the plain and straight
narrative style of Anne Bradstreet.
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